NIEBUHR (Carsten). Description of Arabia, Based on Observations and Research Conducted in the Country Itself. Paris: Brunet, 1779. — 2 volumes in-4, 287x215: (3 ff.), 56, 252 pp., 15 plates; (2 ff.), 315 pp., (2 ff.), 1 table, 10 plates. Rooted calfskin, gilt scrolls framing the covers, decorated ribbed spine, marbled edges (contemporary binding). New edition of Mourier’s translation, revised and corrected by Guignes, particularly with regard to Oriental terms. This work presents the findings of a Danish scientific expedition to Arabia (1761–1767), led by five scholars—including the mathematician and astronomer Carsten Niebuhr (1733–1815), the sole survivor of the journey—on the orders of the King of Denmark. Conceived as a multidisciplinary investigation (geography, natural history, linguistics, ethnography), this mission followed in the tradition of explorations commissioned by sovereigns. Niebuhr provides a rigorous account, based on direct observations, local testimonies (from merchants, Jewish scholars, and representatives of various sects), and the notes of his companions who had perished. The work reveals a previously little-known Arabia, where unique religious practices (such as an emerging sect in the province of Elred or unusual circumcision rites), social customs (polygamy, levirate marriage, tribal nobility), and occult knowledge (natural magic, divination). Niebuhr also sheds light on historical mysteries, such as the location of biblical cities or the Israelites’ crossing of the Red Sea, while correcting long-standing errors (the “flying serpents” of Basra, the locusts). Natural history is not left out: he describes rare plants (such as a form of manna similar to that of Sinai) and cultural prohibitions (taboos regarding clothing or agriculture). The edition is illustrated with two copperplate engravings by Le Mire after Marillier, as well as 25 plates, including several maps. It also includes a fold-out chart showing the “Genealogical Table of the Ruling House of Sana’a from the Time the Turks Were Driven Out of Yemen until 1763.” Copy in a late 18th-century or early 19th-century binding. Spine faded, head caps missing, normal wear and tear, corners worn. Stains on a few leaves. Edges of the inner covers sun-faded.