EMORY, H. and HERBST, F. Boundary between the United States & Mexico : shewing the initial point. Under the Treaty of December 30th 1853… [Washington D.C. ], 1855. 620 x 950 mm. Noir et blanc. Two-sheet map, joined and linen-backed. A good condition, despite a brown stain in the middle of the right part, with some offsetting onto the left half. Boundary between the United States & Mexico : shewing the initial point. under the Treaty of December 30th 1853 / astronomically determined and surveyed in 1855. under the direction of William H. Emory, U.S. Commissioner ; projected & drawn by F. Herbst. Printed to accompany the report of the commission.; Map titles in English and Spanish.; Published also as Senate document 247 (v. 25) 55th Congress, 2nd session. Map only, without the Survey Report. "The United States and Mexican Boundary Survey was a land survey that took place from 1848 to 1855 to determine the Mexico–United States border as defined in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the treaty that ended the Mexican–American War. In 1850, the U.S. government commissioned John Russel Bartlett to lead the survey. The results of the survey were published in the three volumes entitled Report on the United States and Mexican boundary survey, made under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior by William H. Emory (1857–1859). In addition to documenting the new boundary, the survey report was notable for its natural history content, including paleontology, botany, ichthyology, herpetology, ornithology, and mammalogy. The survey was also provided to the War Department, now known as the United States Department of War, to support the construction of a railroad line. In the report's section titled "Personal Accounts", a brief description of Panama is also included, along with the experiences he and his men had while conducting the survey, including the experiences of having insufficient funding, which was essentially starving out the men as prices around them rose, trying to exploit their presence. Further funds were eventually sent, but only after a period of disarray over changes in the project's management. Even when the funds were sent, they were embezzled by one of the new commissioners, prompting Emory to go to Washington himself to secure additional funds. Even after this, the funds still took time to reach the workers, who, after Emory's return, had begun mutinying and rioting, causing a complete halt in production. Emory, to resolve the situation, was given authority by the Department of the Interior to requisition funds, which he used to pay a portion of the workers. Instances of attacks from Native Americans on survey groups are also noted in the accounts, with a request to the War Department for military escorts. Twenty-five hand-colored lithographic plates of birds were included in the volume Zoology of the Boundary, edited by Spencer Fullerton Baird. These illustrations were prepared by J.T. Bowen and Company of Philadelphia, the same firm that had produced the octavo edition of Audubon's Birds of America. Numerous illustrations of plants, reptiles, and amphibians were included, and some editions were colored. The hand-colored lithographs of scenery and ethnography are important historical records. As a result of the boundary survey and subsequent treaties, the U.S. and Mexico established the International Boundary and Water Commission (IBWC) in 1889 to maintain the border, allocate river waters between the two nations, and provide for flood control and water sanitation. Once viewed as a model of international cooperation, in recent decades the IBWC has been heavily criticized as an institutional anachronism". TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO : The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ended the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). It was signed on 2 February 1848 in the town of Guadalupe Hidalgo. After the defeat of its army and the fall of the capital in September 1847, Mexico entered into peace negotiations with the U.S. envoy, Nicholas Trist. The resulting treaty required Mexico to cede 55 percent of its territory, including the present-day states of California, Nevada, Utah, most of Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona, and a small portion of Wyoming. Mexico also relinquished all claims to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as Texas's southern boundary. In turn, the U.S. government paid Mexico $15 million "in consideration of the extension acquired by the boundaries of the United States" and agreed to pay debts owed to American citizens by the Mexican government. Mexicans in areas annexed by the U.S. could relocate within Mexico's new boundaries or receive American citizenship and full civil rights. The United States ratified the treaty on 10 March and Mexico o9 May. The ratifications were exchanged on 30 May, and the treaty was proclaimed on 4 July 1848.